Associations between classroom climate and children's externalizing symptoms: The moderating effect of kindergarten children's parasympathetic reactivity
Short Summary: This study looked at how kindergarten classrooms affect children's mental health, and whether children's physiological reactivity to stress affects this relationship. Researchers found that classrooms with more child-centered methods helped children with higher physiological reactivity to stress to have fewer externalizing symptoms, while more teacher-dominated methods were associated with increased symptoms. For children with lower physiological reactivity, exposure to more teacher-dominated classroom management practices was associated with lower externalizing symptoms. Understanding children's individual physiological differences can help teachers create environments that promote good mental health.
Scientific Abstract: Classrooms are key social settings that impact children's mental health, though individual differences in physiological reactivity may render children more or less susceptible to classroom environments. In a diverse sample of children from 19 kindergarten classrooms (N = 338, 48% female, M age = 5.32 years), we examined whether children's parasympathetic reactivity moderated the association between classroom climate and externalizing symptoms. Independent observers coded teachers' use of child-centered and teacher-directed instructional practices across classroom social and management domains. Children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity to challenge tasks was assessed in fall and a multi-informant measure of externalizing was collected in fall and spring. Both the social and the management domains of classroom climate significantly interacted with children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity to predict spring externalizing symptoms, controlling for fall symptoms. For more reactive children, as classrooms shifted toward greater proportional use of child-centered methods, externalizing symptoms declined, whereas greater use of teacher-dominated practices was associated with increased symptoms. Conversely, among less reactive children, exposure to more teacher-dominated classroom management practices was associated with lower externalizing. Consistent with the theory of biological sensitivity to context, considering variability in children's physiological reactivity aids understanding of the salience of the classroom environment for children's mental health.
Authors: Roubinov DS, Bush NR, Hagan MJ, Thompson J, Boyce WT.